DAILY NEWS
Brussels, 11 November 2026
Commission to advance Ukraine's recovery, reconstruction, and modernisation at EU-Ukraine Investment Conference
On 12 and 13 November, the European Commission, together with Ukrainian authorities, will host the EU-Ukraine Investment Conference at the ReBuild Ukraine Expo in Warsaw. The conference, which will be opened by Commissioner for Enlargement Marta Kos and Ukraine's Minister of Economy and Environment, Oleksandr Kravchenko, will bring together business leaders, investors and public officials to discuss key priorities to accelerate Ukraine's recovery, reconstruction and gradual integration into the EU Single Market.
The conference will feature a matchmaking programme, which, for the first time, will offer business-to-government meetings alongside business-to-business opportunities. This will give companies the opportunity to engage directly with potential business partners, financing institutions and public authorities, build new partnerships and explore concrete investment opportunities in Ukraine.
Commissioner Kos will take part in an EU-Ukraine Business Partnership Roundtable with CEOs and members of the Ukraine Donor Platform (UDP) Business Advisory Council and will meet with the Ukraine Facility Audit Board. She will also hold a bilateral meeting with Estonia's Minister of Economy, Liina Vahtras, to advance preparations for the next Ukraine Recovery Conference, scheduled to take place in Tallinn in 2027.
Reforms will feature prominently in the discussions at the conference, as, beyond supporting Ukraine's EU accession path, they are key to improving the business climate and advance gradual integration into the EU internal market, thus attracting sustainable private investments. In line with the recommendations of the 2026 Enlargement Package, progress on accession-related reforms, particularly in the areas of the rule of law, corporate governance and the fight against corruption will also help Ukrainian businesses become more competitive and better integrated into the European economy. Discussions will also focus on key priorities, including improving access to finance for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), strengthening the energy sector and supporting strategic industries, with a particular focus on dual-use technologies.
Together, these actions showcase the EU's central role in supporting Ukraine and mobilising investment through the Ukraine Investment Framework, and reflect the EU's continued commitment to supporting Ukraine's recovery, reconstruction and modernisation, investing in its competitiveness, resilience and deeper integration into the European economy.
(For more information: Guillaume Mercier – Tel.: +32 2 298 05 64; Bridget Moylan – Tel.: +32 2 298 28 44)
Commission launches two flagship security initiatives under the Pact for Mediterranean
Today, at the first Senior Officials' Meeting on Internal Security between the European Union and Southern Mediterranean partners, Commissioner for the Mediterranean Dubravka Šuica launched two flagship regional security initiatives under the third pillar of the Pact for the Mediterranean.
The MED-OP: judicial and law enforcement cooperation initiative will strengthen judicial and law enforcement cooperation across the region to better prevent, prepare for and respond to organised crime. It will strengthen the capacity of police forces, justice systems, border authorities, and disaster response agencies on all shores of the Mediterranean.
The Secure Borders initiative will strengthen cooperation to combat illicit trafficking across air, sea, and land borders. It will bring together the authorities responsible for border and maritime security, starting with customs authorities and involving coast guards, border guards, and other relevant law enforcement services.
Both initiatives will also contribute to tackling cyber and hybrid threats and migration-related challenges.
At a time of increasingly complex cross-border security threats, today's meeting marked an important first step towards building a structured dialogue and increased cooperation on common security challenges between the EU and its Southern Mediterranean partners.
The launch follows yesterday's presentation of the updated Action Plan of the Pact for the Mediterranean, bringing a total of 30 initiatives delivering concrete benefits, increased security and new opportunities for citizens, businesses and communities of our shared sea.
(For more information: Guillaume Mercier – Tel.: +32 2 298 05 64; Luca Dilda – Tel.: +32 2 295 21 53)
EU and Nigeria sign readmission agreement
Yesterday, Commissioner for Internal Affairs and Migration, Magnus Brunner and the Minister of Foreign Affairs from Nigeria Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu signed the first EU-Nigeria readmission agreement. The agreement was signed during the visit to Abuja of Commissioner Brunner this week, where he met with government representatives and national stakeholders to discuss migration management, including return and readmission.
The EU-Nigeria readmission agreement will establish rapid and effective procedures for identifying and returning those without the legal right to stay in Nigeria or any EU Member State. With this agreement, the EU and Nigeria are building a stronger comprehensive partnership on migration and security. Together with Nigeria, the EU also launched a Senior Officials Dialogue on Migration and Security, which will enhance EU-Nigeria cooperation across these policy areas.
Commissioner for Internal Affairs and Migration, Magnus Brunner said: “Nigeria is a key partner for Europe, and our ties are steadily growing stronger. Together we are turning dialogue into action: more security, better migration management, joining forces to bring results. We are turning the huge potential of our partnership into mutual benefit”.
Following yesterday's signature, the agreement needs to be approved by the European Parliament and then ratified by the Council of the EU. The agreement will enter into force on the first day of the second month following the notification of the conclusion by both Parties.
With the Return Regulation in force, the EU has now the necessary tools to make returns more efficient, with faster and more effective procedures. The EU has readmission agreements and arrangements on return and readmission with 24 countries. More information, including the list of countries with which the EU has readmission agreements, is available online.
(For more information: Markus Lammert – Tel.: +32 2 296 75 33; Elettra Di Massa – Tel.: +32 2 298 21 61)
Commission issues €8 billion in its 10th syndicated transaction of 2026
The European Commission is empowered by the EU Treaties to borrow from the international capital markets on behalf of the European Union to finance selected EU policy programmes. The European Commission has raised €8 billion of EU-Bonds in its 10th syndicated transaction for 2026.
The dual-tranche transaction concerned a €4 billion tap of the 5-year EU-Bond maturing on 13 October 2031 and a €4 billion tap of the 20-year EU-Bond maturing on 12 October 2046.
Building on the pricing of recent syndications against the EU Bond curve, both maturities were priced against reference points in the EU Bond curve. The approach reflects the growing liquidity of the EU-Bond curve, which can be used more frequently as a reliable reference point for pricing of syndicated issuances when deemed desirable.
The transaction is part of the Commission's €80 billion funding target for the second half of 2026.
More information is available in the press release online.
(For more information: Balazs Ujvari - Tel.: +32 2 295 45 78; Isabel Otero Barderas - Tel.: +32 2 296 69 25)
Commission appoints a new Director in its Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers
The European Commission appointed today Maria Tomassetti as Director for Horizontal Affairs within its Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers (DG JUST). This department promotes social justice by upholding the rule of law and protecting individual rights and freedoms. It develops and implements policies on Justice, Fundamental Rights, and Consumers, in line with the Commission's priorities. The date of effect will be determined later.
Ms Tomassetti has developed a distinguished profile in labour market and equality policies, structural funds management and strategic planning over a career spanning more than 25 years. Her extensive knowledge of EU budgetary and financial matters encompasses the preparation and negotiation of the Multiannual Financial Framework, the implementation of funding programmes, sound financial governance, risk management and the simplification of administrative processes. She combines analytical rigour and sound political judgement with an ability to devise innovative solutions and steer complex policy initiatives. Throughout her career, she has played an active role in shaping and implementing policy strategies, navigating legislative processes and fostering interinstitutional cooperation, while representing the Commission in high-level negotiations and international fora. Her managerial credentials are equally well established, having led diverse teams, and ensured effective delivery under demanding deadlines. This combination of policy expertise, financial knowledge and organisational leadership positions her well to take on the responsibilities of Director for Horizontal Affairs in DG JUST.
Maria Tomassetti, an Italian national, is currently Head of Unit for Budget, Programme and Financial Management in DG JUST. Previously, she held the position of Deputy Head of Unit for Programmes and Financial Management within the same Directorate-General. Earlier in her career, she served as Deputy Head of Unit for Gender Equality in DG JUST and held a similar position in the Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (DG EMPL). Before joining the European Commission in 2000, she gained professional experience in the private sector.
Commission appoints a new Director in its Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport
The European Commission appointed today Barbara Jankovec as Director for Land transport within its Directorate-General Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE). This department is responsible for developing mobility and transport policies within the European Union. The date of effect will be determined later.
Ms Jankovec has built a wide-ranging career in EU transport policy, competition and regulatory affairs, drawing on more than 25 years of professional experience. Her work has encompassed providing strategic legal advice on major legislative initiatives, overseeing infringement proceedings and enforcement strategies, and ensuring the effective application of EU transport legislation. She has also played a key role in maintaining coherence between transport policy and competition rules, while handling complex State aid cases in demanding circumstances. Her background in competition and internal market matters, particularly in the financial services and other service sectors, has given her a thorough understanding of the regulatory and economic considerations underpinning EU State aid control. Alongside her legal and policy credentials, she has demonstrated sound managerial judgement in steering sensitive files and coordinating work across different areas of responsibility. This combination of regulatory knowledge, enforcement experience and leadership skills makes her particularly well suited to head the Directorate for Land in DG MOVE.
Barbara Jankovec, a French national, is currently Head of Unit for Legal Matters and Enforcement in the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE). Previously, she held the position of Deputy Head of Unit for State Aid and Transport in the Directorate-General for Competition (DG COMP). Before joining the European Commission in 2006, she worked at the Court of Justice of the European Union.
European Authors Day for a month of more reading and European literature
Starting today, the European Authors Day kicks off for a month of events promoting more reading, discovering new books, and European literature with events all over Europe.
Reading regularly strengthens brain health, expands vocabulary, reduces stress, helps with attention span, and fosters empathy by exposing the mind to new ideas and diverse perspectives. To reverse falling literacy rates in Europe, the European Commission launched the European Literacy Coalition in September 2026 and proposed an Education and Skills Package including measures to foster learning, healthy and responsible screen habits.
This year's edition offers activities in schools, libraries, bookshops, and cultural venues, creating opportunities for authors and readers to meet and discuss books and literature. One of the main goals of this campaign is to build genuine connections among participants through shared reading, conversation, and the exchange of ideas.
A major feature is the European Authors Day Tour, with 35 authors who will be traveling to meet readers across borders.
Executive Vice-President for Social Rights and Skills, Quality Jobs and Preparedness, Roxana Minzatu said: “Every child deserves to become a confident reader, with the skills to succeed at school and later in life. European Authors Day supports our work to improve literacy by encouraging schools and families to make reading part of everyday life.”
Commissioner for Intergenerational Fairness, Youth, Culture and Sport, Glenn Micallef, said: “Books open doors to imagination, knowledge and new perspectives. The European Authors Day celebrates the authors who bring Europe's rich cultural and linguistic diversity to life. Reading is a joy to be shared across generations, languages and cultures. It equips young people to think critically and engage with different viewpoints – essential elements for a strong democracy.”
The European Authors Day is an initiative co-funded by Creative Europe programme. In 2025, schools, bookshops, libraries and other organisations in 34 countries hosted more than 6,500 events and reading activities, including meetings with European authors, reaching over 300,000 participants.
More information on the programme and events is available on the Read for Real website. You can find audiovisual material of the events on social media, under the hashtag #ReadForReal.
(For more information: Eva Hrncirova - Tel.: +32 2 298 84 33; Eirini Zarkadoula - Tel.: +32 2 295 70 65)
Commission hosted Youth Policy Dialogue on the impact of AI on the future of work
Executive Vice-President for Social Rights and Skills, Quality Jobs and Preparedness Roxana Mînzatu hosted her third Youth Policy Dialogue in Brussels, bringing together young participants to discuss how artificial intelligence is transforming the future of work and what this means for young people.
Participants shared their experiences and expectations of how AI is changing the workplace, in particular as regards skills, job opportunities and working conditions. They gave their views on what can be done to ensure that AI creates fair opportunities for young people, supports their transition from education into the labour market, and enables them to benefit from technological progress.
Executive Vice-President Mînzatu said: “AI is already changing how young people learn, apply for jobs and work. I want to hear what they expect, what worries them and what would help them make the transition from education to the labour market.”
Youth Policy Dialogues are part of the Commission's commitment to mainstream the voice of young people in EU policymaking, as set out in President von der Leyen's Political Guidelines for 2024-2029.
(For more information: Maciej Berestecki - Tel: +32 229-66483; Eirini Zarkadoula - Tel.: +32 2 295 70 65)
Commissioner Brunner visits Egypt to discuss security and migration
Tomorrow, Commissioner for Internal Affairs and Migration, Magnus Brunner, will travel to Egypt to strengthen cooperation on security and migration. The visit underscores the importance of the EU-Egypt partnership in tackling transnational threats and enhancing operational coordination.
Egypt is a valued partner for the EU on migration and security, including in the framework of the Global Alliance to Counter Migrant Smuggling, and in the context of the ‘Eastern Corridor' initiative, a collective route-based response to address the challenges along the route from South Asia to North Africa, notably Libya, from where many migrants attempt dangerous sea journeys across the Mediterranean to reach Europe.
During his visit, Commissioner Brunner will meet Mahmoud Tawfik, Egypt's Minister of Interior, to discuss cooperation on all aspects of migration management, the fight against migrant smuggling, human trafficking, drugs and firearms trafficking, border management and cooperation with relevant EU agencies (Europol, CEPOL, Frontex and EU Drugs Agency). The Commissioner will also witness the signature of a new working arrangement between the EU Agency for Law Enforcement Training and the Egyptian Ministry of Interior. Later, Commissioner Brunner will meet Badr Abdelatty, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to discuss cooperation in the area of migration.
The strong cooperation with Egypt builds on the 2024 Strategic and Comprehensive Partnership and was reaffirmed at the first EU-Egypt Leaders' Summit in October 2025.
(For more information: Markus Lammert — Tel.: +32 2 296 75 33; Elettra Di Massa - Tel.: +32 2 298 21 61)
Commissioner Kubilius travels to Italy for ‘Launch Tour'
Andrius Kubilius, Commissioner for Defence and Space is in Italy tomorrow and on Friday for his ‘Launch Tour' to progress on creating conditions for reliable, competitive and resilient access to space for the years ahead.
Access to space is a fundamental strategic priority for Europe, as the demand for satellite launches is rapidly increasing. Announced in September, the ‘Launch Tour' aims at engaging with governments and space industry with a view to strengthening Europe's launching capacity. The visit contributes to the Commission's work on a future action plan on European access to space.
On Thursday in Rome, Commissioner Kubilius will meet Adolfo Urso, Minister for Enterprises and Made in Italy, and Guido Crosetto, Minister of Defence. Discussions will focus on the future of access to space, the role of the EU, secure connectivity, Earth observation governmental services, European governance, and synergies between launchers and defence capabilities. He will also visit companies from space industry. AVIO, aerospace company, will showcase VEGA space launcher. The Commissioner will also visit the newly built Smart Space Factory of Thales Alenia Space in Rome, where exchanges will cover the competitiveness of the space sector and the role of space industrial investment.
On Friday in Turin, Commissioner Kubilius will visit Thales Alenia Space Italia, ALTEC and ARGOTEC to discuss space transportation, resilience, dual-use, autonomy, and the role of industry in EU space systems.
Space is a fast-growing market sector offering opportunities for job creation and competitiveness. Italy has made smart investments including through the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility that allowed to underpin industrialisation and boost its innovative ecosystem confirming its role as an EU space faring nation.
(For more information: Thomas Regnier – Tel: +32 2 299 10 99; Kateřina Horáková - Tel.: +32 2 299 93 10)
Commissioner Lahbib travels to Greenland as EU steps up Arctic preparedness cooperation
Commissioner Hadja Lahbib, Commissioner for Equality, Preparedness and Crisis Management, will be in Greenland on 12 and 13 November to strengthen European cooperation on resilience and preparedness. Wildfire, landslides, tsunamis, avalanches and flooding from ice melt are among natural hazards in Greenland, which are expected to become more frequent as a consequence of global warming. These threats pose particular challenges for remote communities, where extreme conditions and vast distances can make emergency response difficult. She will be joined by the Danish Minister for Resilience and Preparedness Lisbeth Bech-Nielsen.
On Thursday 12 November, the Commissioner will visit Nuuk's fire station and meet with Greenland's Minister for Housing, Infrastructure, Outlying Districts and Emergency Preparedness, Naalakkersuisoq Iddimanngiiu Jensen Bianco to exchange on Greenland's emergency preparedness priorities. The Commissioner and the Greenlandic and Danish Ministers
will also discuss the findings and recommendations of the EU's Civil Protection Advisory mission that took place in September.
On Friday 13 November, she will visit the rescue service of Kapisillit and local state-owned grocery shop (Pilersuisoq) to learn about emergency response, security of supply and the overall resilience in remote communities.
Commissioner Lahbib said: “The Arctic is changing before our eyes, and with it, the risks facing the people who call it home. By preparing better and working together, we can protect lives. And we can make sure no community faces these threats alone.”
The visit comes as the EU steps up its engagement with Greenland and the wider Arctic. Following the Joint Declaration signed during President von der Leyen's visit to Nuuk in September, and the new EU Arctic Strategy presented in October 2026, the focus is now on putting these commitments into practice. The recent mission of European civil protection experts, and the follow-up discussions during Commissioner Lahbib's visit, are practical steps in putting this cooperation into practice.
(For more information: Eva Hrncirova – Tel.: +32 2 298 84 33; Quentin Cortes - Tel: +32 2 291 32 83)
Tentative agendas for forthcoming Commission meetings
Note that these items can be subject to changes.
Upcoming events of the European Commission
Eurostat press releases
Calendar items of the President and Commissioners
Individual calendars of the President and Commissioners
Commission strengthens consumer protection laws, making them fit for the digital age
Today, the European Commission presented its Proposal for a Digital Fairness Act (DFA) - a major update of the EU consumer protection rules to ensure that consumers in the EU enjoy the same high level of protection online as they do offline.
Alongside it, the Commission proposed a revision of the Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulation (CPC Regulation), granting the Commission stronger powers to directly investigate and issue fines in large-scale cases that have a significant impact on consumers across the Single Market.
Together, these initiatives will build on the existing digital rulebook to strengthen consumer protection, contribute to fairer online markets and create a level-playing field – allowing companies to compete, grow and innovate with confidence.
The rapid growth of e-commerce and digital markets have transformed the way we shop, making it easier than ever for consumers to access goods and services. But this convenience must not come at the expense of fairness. Unfair commercial practices online, such as manipulative marketing tactics or hidden fees, undermine consumers' ability to make free and informed choices. Today's proposals will equip the EU with stronger tools to tackle these unfair practices, strengthen enforcement across the Single Market and simplify the rules businesses must follow, increasing compliance. The result will be better protection for consumers and fairer competition for businesses, which all in all are expecting to save EU consumers up to €13.7 billion a year.
New protections online for consumers
The Digital Fairness Act proposal allows EU authorities to tackle unfair practices in digital markets more effectively, ensuring that all traders play by the same rules. The DFA will protect consumers of all ages shopping and browsing for goods or services online.
Key novelties of the proposal include:
The Digital Fairness Act proposal also contains simplification measures and today's proposals include a simplification directive with targeted amendments to the Consumer Rights Directive to simplify its application online. This includes simpler pre-contractual information requirements for repeat in-app purchases and clearer rules on how consumers can cancel digital media subscriptions within the withdrawal period.
Direct EU enforcement powers and improved national coordination
In today's day and age, digital markets evolve rapidly. So do unfair practices, which are proliferating online and know no borders. To keep our consumers safe and ensure businesses can compete fairly, we need to equip ourselves with the right tools to respond rapidly and effectively to breaches of consumer law. A centralised enforcement of EU consumer rules will help deal swiftly with high-impact cases, increasing the deterrence of EU rules, shielding honest businesses from unfair competition, and protecting consumers from harm. This why the revision of the CPC Regulation proposes to:
Next steps
The proposals will now be discussed by the European Parliament and Council.
Background
The Commission announced both the revision of the CPC Regulation and the Digital Fairness Act in the Commission's 2030 Consumer Agenda. The DFA was also included in the 2026 Commission Work Programme and the revision of consumer enforcement rules is included in the "One Europe, One Market" roadmap. These measures answer calls for stronger enforcement and protection against unfair digital practices.
The Proposal for a Digital Fairness Act builds on the findings of the Commission's 2024 Digital Fairness Fitness Check. The CPC Regulation established the CPC Network, which brings together national consumer protection authorities to investigate and address cross-border infringements of EU consumer law. The Commission currently cannot directly enforce these rules, but facilitates CPC enforcement actions in cases of widespread breaches with an EU dimension. Since the Regulation started applying in 2020, the Network has carried out more than 30 coordinated enforcement actions. The proposed CPC revision is based on the findings of the 2024 application report, which identified several shortcomings in the current enforcement system.
For more information
Questions and Answers
Factsheet
Digital Fairness Act website
Consumer Protection Cooperation Regulation website
Digital Fairness Act (DFA) Regulation
DFA – Proposal amending the Consumer Rights Directive
Revision of the Consumer Protection Cooperation (CPC) Regulation
Quote(s)
The Single Market lives through its 450 million consumers. Our laws must keep up with the way people live, shop and do business today. This reform will make everyday life simpler, fairer and safer for consumers, while giving businesses the clarity and confidence they need to thrive.
Henna Virkkunen, Executive Vice-President for Tech Sovereignty, Security and Democracy
Shopping has never been more convenient, but convenience must never come at the expense of fairness. Strong consumer protection is the foundation of competitiveness. Whether people shop online or in a physical store, they deserve the same high level of protection. Today we are proposing the most ambitious reform of EU consumer protection rules in a generation, so both consumers and businesses can make the most of digital markets with trust and confidence.
Michael McGrath, Commissioner for Democracy, Justice, the Rule of Law and Consumer Protection
Bringing the current MFF to a successful close: agreement on the final Annual Budget
The Commission welcomes the agreement reached last evening between the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on the annual EU budget 2027. With the compromise on the final annual budget under the EU's 2021–2027 Multiannual Financial Framework, we are bringing to a close a programming period shaped by unprecedented crises, including a global pandemic, an energy crisis, rising inflation, the return of war to the European continent and conflict in the Middle East – all of which have reshaped Europe's economic and security landscape.
To step up to the challenge of the current geopolitical situation, the annual EU budget for 2027 includes major support to Ukraine, both through the Ukraine Facility and the Ukraine Support Loan. Support also continues for well-established priorities, including cohesion, agriculture, competitiveness, research and innovation, asylum and migration, security, defence, and the role of the European Union in the world.
The budget provides strong support to Member States and regions at a time when cohesion programmes are running at full speed, leading to a higher level of payments of €211.5 billion. This will provide targeted and reinforced funding for the Union's priorities in the areas of competitiveness, defence, affordable housing, water resilience, and energy transition. Funding for agriculture remains at a consistently high level as well, at times of high energy and fertiliser prices.
In the first full year of implementation of the Pact on Migration and Asylum, €1.1 billion in additional funding for migration management will be made available to Member States.
The annual EU budget for 2027 allocates the following amounts to the various EU priorities:
Policy Area
Amounts committed (in EUR million)
1. Single Market, Innovation and Digital
22 007.5
2. Cohesion, Resilience and Values
75 764.9
— Economic, social and territorial cohesion
58 483.6
— Resilience and Values
17 281.3
3. Natural Resources and Environment
57 113.4
—Of which Market related expenditure and direct payments
40 421.7
4. Migration and Border management
5 811.6
5. Security and Defence
3 078.5
6. Neighbourhood and the World
15 537.9
7. European Public Administration
13 869.7
Ukraine Support Loan
650,0
Thematic special instruments
5 874.1
Total appropriations
199 707.5
The annual budget for 2027 should now be formally adopted by the Council of the European Union and by the European Parliament. The vote in plenary, which will mark the end of the process, is currently scheduled for 24 November 2026.
The annual EU budget for 2027 includes the expenditure covered by the appropriations under the long-term budget ceilings, financed from own resources. Two amounts for each programme are proposed in the Draft Budget, commitments and payments. "Commitments" refer to the funding that can be agreed in contracts in a given year, and "payments" to the money actually paid out. All amounts are in current prices.
The annual budget for 2027 is the last one under the current Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF). It will ensure financing for important EU programmes, in the run-up to the next long-term budget adoption, the MFF 2028-2034.
Questions & answers - Agreement on EU annual budget 2027
All Annual Budget Documents
Annual budget procedure
Revision of the EU budget 2021-2027
2021-2027 long-term EU budget & NextGenerationEU
EU budget in motion
EU as a borrower
The timely agreement reached between the European Parliament and the Council allows us to maintain continuity in the Union’s actions and help us deliver on our shared priorities, in the last year of the current Multiannual Financial Framework.
Piotr Serafin, Commissioner for Budget, Anti-Fraud and Public Administration